Genealogies of race and religion in Kant

Immanuel Kant is synonymous with modernity, enlightenment and secularity. This reputation is earned through the incredible influence of his three weighty critiques, which have laid the intellectual, moral and aesthetic foundations for modern philosophical thought. Despite his stellar reputation, many scholars in recent years have argued that Kant’s intellectual contribution to secularism, moral universality and political republicanism ought to be approached more critically. The ‘other’ Kant is also one of the progenitors of the modern concept of race. Kantians have defended Kant against accusations that race is essential to his entire critical project. This essay moves beyond the stalemate between race scholars and Kantians by reading his concept of race through his philosophy of religion. Drawing on critical approaches to religion, race and secularism, this essay argues that race is constitutive of his philosophy. More specifically, it demonstrates how race and religion are fundamentally entangled in Kant’s construction of Jews and Judaism as the fundamental outsider of Euro-Christian modernity.