No Utopia: government without territorial monopoly in medieval central Europe

The paper examines the questions of how nonterritorial feudal governments in medieval central Europe emerged and what their tasks were, of how competition between these governments functioned, and of what consequences it had. The an- alysis leads to three hypotheses: (1) governmental nonterritoriality was mainly due to high monitoring costs, (2) intergovernmental competition entailed a high demand both for labor and for military security, and (3) competition had conse- quences that themselves undermined its viability and allowed governments with territorial monopolies to emerge. The paper shows furthermore why it is impos- sible under modern conditions to establish non