Captured countryside? Stability and change in sub-national support for African incumbent parties

We analyze geographic dimensions of African voting to suggest that the salience of previous explanations of vote choice, including clientelism, performance evaluation, and local strongarming varies across different types of constituencies. Analysis of Government-to-Opposition Swing (GOS) voting in 7 countries and 28 elections reveals that GOS varies not only across the urban-rural divide, as expected, but also across different types of rural constituencies. While GOS is uncommon in rural parts of the president's home region, we discover significant variation across other types of rural constituencies: GOS is most likely in denselypopulated rural constituencies, and less likely in sparsely-populated rural constituencies that are often among the poorest in the country. We infer that political and economic geography shapes prospects for autonomous vote choice, performance voting, and the quality of democracy.