The weather does not affect voter turnout, but only if voting is convenient for the public

The Police and Crime Commissioner elections of 2012 were marked by extraordinarily low voter turnout, with speculation that holding the election in November meant poor weather would have reduced participation. Mikael Persson, Anders Sundell and Richard Öhrvall have studied this phenomenon in Swedish elections, and found the weather has no significant impact on turnout. However, comparison with the United States suggests that the weather may have a greater impact where election procedures are less convenient.