Paradoxical well-being: time use, psychological distress, and subjective well-being in informal caregiving

OBJECTIVES: The adverse impact of informal caregiving on caregiver mental health is well-documented, but less is known about how daily time use relates to mental health. This study investigated whether there are distinct daily time-use patterns among family caregivers in Japan and whether these patterns are associated with mental health outcomes. METHODS: Using nationally representative Japanese panel data for the period 2017-2020 (N = 1,557), we conducted latent profile analysis and multilevel regression analyses to answer our research questions. RESULTS: We identified four distinct caregiver types based on daily time use: (1) full-time workers providing minimal care, (2) marginal caregivers balancing part-time work, housework, and light care; (3) dual caregivers managing childcare and long-term care, and (4) intensive caregivers. Group 1 typically comprised employed men caring for their parents. Groups 2-4 were predominantly female, with Group 4 comprising single women providing high-intensity personal care to a co-residing recipient with severe needs. Household living standards did not differ across groups. Regression analyses showed that marginal and intensive caregivers were more likely than full-time workers to experience psychological distress. Paradoxically, intensive caregivers also reported higher subjective well-being. DISCUSSION: Our study highlighted the importance of recognizing diverse time-use patterns among caregivers and tailoring support measures accordingly. Policies must also consider cultural values in societies where intensive family caregiving may persist despite accessible public services. Because caregivers may experience both distress and fulfilment, caregiver support should be a critical policy priority.