Critical raw materials and MNE strategies under paradigm shift

Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) are essential inputs in the current industrial transformation, working as an irreplaceable material basis for technological innovations enabling the dual (digital and green) transition. Global CRM supply and value chains are subject to significant geopolitical risks and vulnerability, which are likely to affect firms’ advantages, behaviour and strategies. By drawing on the Multinational Enterprises’ (MNEs) technological accumulation theory developed by John Cantwell, introducing the notion of material-based technological regime underlying innovation in key industries, and using micro-data obtained by merging patent data and firm-level information through ORBIS IP, this chapter sheds preliminary light on the relevance of CRMs in shaping MNE technological and internationalization strategies.