Social determinants of health and mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
Chang, R., Javed, Z., Ostrominski, J. W., Philip, J., Khalid, S. B., Ogungbe, O., Canales, L., Mossialos, E.
, Al-Kindi, S. & Nasir, K.
(2025).
Social determinants of health and mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
JACC: Advances,
4(9).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102084
, Al-Kindi, S. & Nasir, K.
(2025).
Social determinants of health and mortality in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
JACC: Advances,
4(9).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102084
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States.1,2 To enhance prevention and management of these interrelated conditions, the American Heart Association introduced a novel staging framework, termed cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome,1 with 4 stages: 1 (excess/dysfunctional adiposity); 2 (additional metabolic risk factors and/or CKD); 3 (subclinical CVD or high predicted CVD risk); and 4 (clinical CVD). Stage 0 is defined as the absence of CKM syndrome.
