Optimization of randomized controlled trial design in neurosurgery using simulation

Personalized medicine is a shared global priority and is justified by an increased understanding of the genetic and proteomic basis of disease, established concerns of increasing treatment heterogeneity, and continued innovation in the analysis of big data using computing and data analysis.1 Generating high-quality evidence for causal relationships between patients, treatments, and outcomes is crucial to developing personalized health care models for clinical decision making.