How rivalries are born:exploring the emergence of rivalries

This paper advances theory by explaining the sparks necessary to ignite rivalry, as opposed to non-rival competition or enmity. Building on research identifying antecedents to rivalry, this paper integrates and develops theory to explain escalating transitions from competition to rivalry, and de-escalating transitions from enmity to rivalry, by examining how specific types of similarity, interaction, and competitiveness facilitate the emergence of new rivalries. We examine the roles of competitive actors, audiences, and institutions play in facilitating or stifling the emergence of rivalry.