The micro-evidence for the Malthusian system. France, 1670–1840

I test the assumptions of the Malthusian model at the individual, cross-sectional level for France, 1650–1820. Using husband's occupation from the parish records of 41 French rural villages, I assign three different measures of status. There is no evidence for the existence of the positive check; infant deaths are unrelated to status. However, the preventive check operates strongly, acting through female age at first marriage. The wives of rich men are younger brides than those of poorer men. This drives a positive net-fertility gradient in living standards. However, the strength of this gradient is substantially weaker than it is in pre-industrial England.