City of refuge or digital order? Refugee recognition and the digital governmentality of migration in the city

This article analyses the digital governmentality of the city of refuge. It shows how digital infrastructures support refugees' new life in the European city, while also normalizing the conditionality of their recognition as humans and as citizens-in-the-making. Research in Athens, Berlin, and London revealed the city as a vital but fierce space for refugees to claim, and sometimes find recognition that the nation often denies. A multimethod qualitative study with refugees and civil society actors at the aftermath of Europe's migration crisis recorded urban cultures of hope for cities that are hospitable and open. Yet, it also recorded conditional welcoming that sets strict requirements for newcomers' recognition as more than a category of external Others that need to prove their 'right to have rights.' As shown, a digital order requires a performed refugeeness as precondition for recognition: that is, a swift move from abject vulnerability to resilient individualism.