JEL classification

Journal of Economic Literature Classification (10696) Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics (820) Q5 - Environmental Economics (558) Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity (93)
Number of items at this level: 93.
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  • Atkinson, Giles, Hamilton, Kirk (2007). Progress along the path: evolving issues in the measurement of genuine saving. Environmental and Resource Economics, 37(1), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9114-7
  • Atkinson, Giles, Mourato, Susana (2008). Environmental cost-benefit analysis. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 33(3), 317-344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020107.112927
  • Baldwin, Robert, Black, Julia, O’Leary, Gerard (2014). Risk regulation and transnationality: institutional accountability as a driver of innovation. Transnational Environmental Law, 3(2), 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102514000120
  • Bowen, Alex, Hepburn, Cameron (2014). Green growth: an assessment. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 30(3), 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gru029
  • Bowen, Alex, Parker, Sophia (2010). Economic growth, the recession and greenhouse gas emissions. (Working paper series on analytic support for targetbased negotiations 3). Climate Strategies.
  • Carreira, Igor, Costa, Francisco, Pessoa, João Paulo (2024). The deforestation effects of trade and agricultural productivity in Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103217
  • Delacote, Philippe, Palmer, Charles, Bakkegaard, Riyong Kim, Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark (2014). Unveiling information on opportunity costs in REDD: Who obtains the surplus when policy objectives differ? Resources and Energy Economics, 36(2), 508-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.07.002
  • Dietz, Simon, Neumayer, Eric (2009). Economics and the governance of sustainable development. In Adger, W. Neil, Jordan, Andrew (Eds.), Governing Sustainability (pp. 289-312). Cambridge University Press.
  • Engel, Stefanie, Palmer, Charles E. (2011). Complexities of decentralization in a globalizing world. Environmental and Resource Economics, 50(2), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-011-9466-x
  • Gollier, C., Groom, Ben (2013). Pricing the planet's future: the economics of discounting in an uncertain world. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(3), 894-897. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.51.3.883.r7
  • Martin, Ralf, Muuls, Mirabelle, de Preux, Laure B., Wagner, Ulrich J. (2012). Anatomy of a paradox: management practices, organizational structure and energy efficiency. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 63(2), 208-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2011.08.003
  • Matus, Kira J. M. (2009). The ACS Green Chemistry Institute®: a case study of partnerships to promote sustainability in the chemical enterprise. In Enhancing the Effectiveness of Sustainability Partnerships: Summary of a Workshop (pp. 263-292). National Academies Press (U.S.).
  • Matus, Kira J. M. (2010). Innovating for development: policy incentives for a cleaner supply chain: the case of green chemistry. Journal of International Affairs, 64(1), 121-136.
  • Matus, Kira J. M. (2010). Standardization, certification, and labeling: a background paper for the Roundtable on Sustainability Workshop January 19-21, 2009. In Certifiably Sustainable?: the Role of Third-Party Certification Systems: Report of a Workshop . National Academies Press (U.S.).
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2022). Monsoon economies: India's history in a changing climate. MIT Press.
  • Stern, Nicholas (2007). The economics of climate change: the Stern review. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817434
  • Tavoni, Alessandro, Dannenberg, Astrid, Kallis, Giorgos, Löschel, Andreas (2011). Inequality, communication, and the avoidance of disastrous climate change in a public goods game. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(29), 11825-11829. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102493108
  • Tavoni, Alessandro, Schlüter, Maja, Levin, Simon (2012). The survival of the conformist: social pressure and renewable resource management. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 299, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.07.003
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  • Aghion, Philippe, Van Reenen, John (2025). Fostering green and inclusive productivity growth. In Besley, Tim, Bucelli, Irene, Velasco, Andrés (Eds.), The London Consensus: Economic Principles for the 21st Century (pp. 41 - 76). LSE Press. https://doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.tlc.b picture_as_pdf
  • Amador-Jiménez, Mónica, Millner, Naomi, Palmer, Charles, Pennington, R. Toby, Sileci, Lorenzo (2020). The unintended impact of Colombia's covid-19 lockdown on forest fires. (Geography and Environment Discussion Paper Series 8). Department of Geography and Environment, LSE. picture_as_pdf
  • Amador-Jiménez, Mónica, Millner, Naomi, Palmer, Charles, Pennington, R. Toby, Sileci, Lorenzo (2020). The unintended impact of Colombia’s covid-19 lockdown on forest fires. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 1081 - 1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00501-5 picture_as_pdf
  • Andersen, Lykke E., Groom, Ben, Killick, Evan, Ledezma, Juan Carlos, Palmer, Charles, Weinhold, Diana (2017). Modelling land use, deforestation, and policy: a hybrid optimisation-heterogeneous agent model with application to the Bolivian Amazon. Ecological Economics, 135, 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.033
  • Atkinson, Giles, Ovando, Paola (2022). Distributional issues in natural capital accounting: an application to land ownership and ecosystem services in Scotland. Environmental and Resource Economics, 81(2), 215 - 241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00613-6 picture_as_pdf
  • Balboni, Clare, Berman, Aaron, Burgess, Robin, Olken, Benjamin A. (2023). The economics of tropical deforestation. Annual Review of Economics, 15, 723 – 754. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-090622-024705 picture_as_pdf
  • Barrett, Scott, Lenton, Timothy M., Millner, Antony, Tavoni, Alessandro, Carpenter, Stephen, Anderies, John M., Chapin, F. Stuart, Crépin, Anne-Sophie, Daily, Gretchen & Ehrlich, Paul et al (2014). Climate engineering reconsidered. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 527-529. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2278 picture_as_pdf
  • Barrieu, Pauline, Fehr, Max (2011). Integrated EUA and CER price modeling and application for spread option pricing. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 40). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Bell, Karen, Hickel, Jason, Arbon, Rob, Zoomkawala, Huzaifa (2023). Which direction for sustainable development? A time series comparison of the impacts of redistributive versus market policies in Bolivia and South Korea. Sustainable Development, 31(5), 3408 - 3427. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2592 picture_as_pdf
  • Bogliacino, Francesco, Charris, Rafael, Codagnone, Cristiano, Folkvord, Frans, Gaskell, George, Gómez, Camilo, Liva, Giovanni, Montealegre, Felipe (2023). Less is more: information overload in the labelling of fish and aquaculture products. Food Policy, 116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102435 picture_as_pdf
  • Bowen, Alex (2011). Raising finance to support developing country action: some economic considerations. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 36). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Bowen, Alex, Campiglio, Emanuele, Herreras Martinez, Sara (2017). An ‘equal effort’ approach to assessing the North–South climate finance gap. Climate Policy, 17(2), 231-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1094728
  • Bowen, Alex, Cochrane, Sarah, Fankhauser, Samuel (2012). Climate change, adaptation and economic growth. Climatic Change, 113(2), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0346-8
  • Brucal, Arlan, Javorcik, Beata, Love, Inessa (2019). Good for the environment, good for business: foreign acquisitions and energy intensity. (CEPR discussion paper series DP13810). Centre for Economic Policy Research (Great Britain). picture_as_pdf
  • Campbell, John, Martin, Ian (2021). Sustainability in a risky world. (Financial Markets Group Discussion Papers 830). Financial Markets Group, The London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Campiglio, Emanuele, Dafermos, Yannis, Monnin, Pierre, Ryan-Collins, Josh, Schotten, Guido, Tanaka, Misa (2018). Climate change poses risks to the financial system. How can central banks deal with them? picture_as_pdf
  • Campiglio, Emanuele (2015). Beyond carbon pricing: the role of banking and monetary policy in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy. Ecological Economics, 121, 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.020
  • Carlos, W. Chad, Lewis, Ben W. (2018). Strategic silence: why are some companies not publicising their environmental certifications? picture_as_pdf
  • Chanel, Olivier, Prati, Alberto, Raux, Morgan (2021). The environmental cost of the international job market for economists. (CEP Discussion Papers 1819). London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance. picture_as_pdf
  • Chanel, Olivier, Prati, Alberto, Raux, Morgan (2022). The environmental cost of the international job market for economists. Ecological Economics, 201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107565 picture_as_pdf
  • Chapa, Joana, Ortega, Araceli (2017). Identifying the main emitters of carbon dioxide in Mexico: a multi-sectoral study. Economía, 17(2), 135 - 172. https://doi.org/10.31389/eco.69 picture_as_pdf
  • Chimienti, Ádam, Creutzfeldt, Benjamin (2014). Strategies and counter-strategies: China in the Andean region of South America. (Working Paper 1/2014). London School of Economics and Political Science, Global South Unit.
  • Codagnone, Cristiano, Veltri, Giuseppe Alessandro, Bogliacino, Francesco, Lupiáñez-Villanueva, Francisco, Gaskell, George, Ivchenko, Andriy, Ortoleva, Pietro, Mureddu, Francesco (2016). Labels as nudges? An experimental study of car eco-labels. Economia Politica, 33(3), 403-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-016-0042-2
  • Colmer, Jonathan, Lin, Dajun, Liu, Siying, Shimshack, Jay (2020). Why are pollution damages lower in developed countries? Insights from high income, high-particulate matter Hong Kong. (CEP Discussion Papers 1702). London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance. picture_as_pdf
  • Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, Gennaioli, Caterina, Martin, Ralf, Muuls, Mirabelle, Stoerk, Thomas (2019). Searching for carbon leaks in multinational companies. (CEP Discussion Papers 1601). London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance. picture_as_pdf
  • Dietz, Simon, Bodirsky, Benjamin, Crawford, Michael, Kanbur, Ravi, Leip, Debbora, Lord, Steven, Lotze-Campen, Hermann, Popp, Alexander (2026). The social welfare value of the global food system. Ecological Economics, 239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108771 picture_as_pdf
  • Dookie, Denyse, Vincent, Katharine, Murambadoro, Miriam, Archer, Emma, Base, Palesa, Benya, Songo, Conway, Declan, Gannon, Kate, Ziervogel, Gina (2025). Climate risk perception and climate information use: gendered differences among South African entrepreneurs. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. picture_as_pdf
  • Dussaux, Damien, Vona, Francesco, Dechezleprêtre, Antoine (2023). Imported carbon emissions: evidence from French manufacturing companies. Canadian Journal of Economics, 56(2), 593 - 621. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12653 picture_as_pdf
  • Eskander, Shaikh M.S.U., Fankhauser, Sam (2023). The impact of climate legislation on trade-related carbon emissions 1996–2018. Environmental and Resource Economics, 85(1), 167 - 194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-023-00762-w picture_as_pdf
  • Estrin, Saul, Hu, Yuan, Shapiro, Daniel, Zhang, Peng (2024). Agglomeration costs limit sustainable innovation in cities in developing economies. PLOS ONE, 19(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308742 picture_as_pdf
  • Fankhauser, Samuel, Burton, Ian (2011). Spending adaptation money wisely. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working paper 37). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Fankhauser, Samuel, Hepburn, Cameron, Park, Jisung (2011). Combining multiple climate policy instruments: how not to do it. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 38). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Fankhauser, Samuel, McDermott, Thomas K. J. (2014). Understanding the adaptation deficit: why are poor countries more vulnerable to climate events than rich countries? Global Environmental Change, 27(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.014
  • Filewod, Ben, Brutti, Giulia, Atkinson, Giles (2025). Valuing natural capital and its distribution in the Congo Basin forests. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Papers 426). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Fontes, Francisco, Gorst, Ashley, Palmer, Charles (2020). Does choice of drought index influence estimates of drought-induced rice losses in India? Environment and Development Economics, 25(5), 459 - 481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X2000011X picture_as_pdf
  • Frame, David J., Hepburn, Cameron (2011). Emerging markets and climate change: Mexican standoff or low-carbon race? (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 46). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Groom, Ben, Palmer, Charles (2009). Environmental services and poverty alleviation: either, or, or both? (Discussion paper series 46.2009). University of Cambridge. Department of Land Economy.
  • Hamilton, Kirk, Ruta, Giovanni (2016). Accounting price of an exhaustible resource: response and extensions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 68(3), 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-016-0030-6
  • Hasselbalch, Jacob, Larsen, Mathias (2026). Reimagining growth futures: overcoming the false binary between green growth and degrowth. Ecological Economics, 240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108823 picture_as_pdf
  • Heinz, Nicolai, Koessler, Ann Kathrin (2021). Other-regarding preferences and pro-environmental behaviour: an interdisciplinary review of experimental studies. Ecological Economics, 184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106987 picture_as_pdf
  • Hickel, Jason (2025). Ecomodernism, green growth and the imperial arrangement. Journal of Labor and Society, https://doi.org/10.1163/24714607-bja10196 picture_as_pdf
  • Li, Mengyu, Keyβer, Lorenz, Kikstra, Jarmo S., Hickel, Jason, Brockway, Paul E., Dai, Nicolas, Malik, Arunima, Lenzen, Manfred (2024). Integrated assessment modelling of degrowth scenarios for Australia. Economic Systems Research, 36(4), 545 - 575. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2023.2245544 picture_as_pdf
  • Linsenmeier, Manuel (2021). Temperature variability and long-run economic development. (Geography and Environment Discussion Paper Series 26). Department of Geography and Environment, LSE. picture_as_pdf
  • Linsenmeier, Manuel (2023). Temperature variability and long-run economic development. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102840 picture_as_pdf
  • Llavador, Humberto, Roemer, John, Stoerk, Thomas (2022). Global unanimity agreement on the carbon budget. Cuadernos Economicos de ICE, 2022(104), 9 - 29. https://doi.org/10.32796/cice.2022.104.7491 picture_as_pdf
  • Millward-Hopkins, Joel, Hickel, Jason, Nag, Suryadeepto (2025). Is growth in consumption occurring where it is most needed? An empirical analysis of current energy and material trends. The Lancet Planetary Health, 9(6), e503 - e510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(25)00115-9 picture_as_pdf
  • Milner-Gulland, Eleanor Jane, Mcgregor, J.A., Agarwala, M., Atkinson, Giles, Bevan, P., Clements, Tom J., Daw, T., Homewood, Katherine, Kümpel, Noëlle F. & Lewis, J. et al (2014). Accounting for the impact of conservation on human well-being. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12277
  • Naik, Gayathri D. (31 October 2018) After the floods: rebuilding Kerala. South Asia @ LSE. picture_as_pdf
  • Naik, Gayathri D. (2018). Book review: Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement. picture_as_pdf
  • Neumayer, Eric (2004). Sustainability and well-being indicators. (WIDER research papers 2004/23). World Institute for Development Economics.
  • Noah, Abdurafiu Olaiya, Adhikari, Pawan, Liew, Pik Kun (2024). Environmental and social accountability in emerging economies: strategic pressures from and responses to vulnerable local communities. Accounting Forum, https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2024.2352190 picture_as_pdf
  • Pagel, Jeff, Sileci, Lorenzo (2024). More than just carbon: the socioeconomic co-benefits of large-scale tree planting. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Papers 410). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Pardy, Martina, Riom, Capucine, Hoffmann, Roman (2024). Climate impacts on material wealth inequality: global evidence from a subnational dataset. (Geography and Environment Discussion Paper Series 48). Department of Geography and Environment, The London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Power, Anne, Lane, Laura, Serle, Nicola (2008). ‘Teach in’ on energy and existing homes: restoring neighbourhoods and slowing climate change. (CASEreports 56). Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion. picture_as_pdf
  • Resendiz, Jose L., Ranger, Nicola, Mahul, Olivier (2025). Sustainability-linked finance: a lever for firm-level resilience innovation. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Papers 429). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. picture_as_pdf
  • Resendiz, Jose L., Ranger, Nicola, Sulaeman, Johan, Broadstock, David C. (2025). Sustainability-linked finance: bridging nature disclosure gaps in Southeast Asia. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Papers 427). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés, Bartalucci, Federico, Lozano-Gracia, Nancy, Dávalos, María (2024). Overcoming left-behindedness. Moving beyond the efficiency versus equity debate in territorial development. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100144 picture_as_pdf
  • Rowlands, Ian (2011). Co-impacts of energy-related climate change mitigation in Africa’s least developed countries: the evidence base and research needs. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 39). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Will climate change disrupt tropical development? Lessons from economic history. (Economic History Working Papers 370). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Ruiz-Tagle, Cristobal, Schueftan, Alejandra (2021). Nudging for cleaner air: experimental evidence from an RCT on wood stove usage. Environmental and Resource Economics, 79(4), 713 - 743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00582-w picture_as_pdf
  • Sam, Abdoul G., Abidoye, Babatunde, Mashaba, Sihle (2021). Climate change and household welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: empirical evidence from Swaziland. Food Security, 13(2), 439 – 455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01113-z picture_as_pdf
  • Sato, Misato, Dechezlepretre, Antoine (2015). Asymmetric industrial energy prices and international trade. (CEP discussion paper 1337). London School of Economics and Political Science. Centre for Economic Performance.
  • Sato, Misato, Dechezlepretre, Antoine (2015). Asymmetric industrial energy prices and international trade. Energy Economics, 52(S1), S130-S141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.08.020
  • Selim, Shahpar, Bowers, Rebecca (2018). "Bangladesh is associated with the idea of resilience and the idea of a quiet revolution" - Shahpar Selim. picture_as_pdf
  • Seo, S. Niggol (2012). Adapting natural resource enterprises under global warming in South America: a mixed logit analysis. Economía, 12(2), 111 - 135. https://doi.org/10.1353/eco.2012.0003 picture_as_pdf
  • Shahbaz, Muhammad, Ali Nasir, Muhammad, Roubaud, David (2018). A French dilemma: environmental leadership vs environment-damaging economic growth. picture_as_pdf
  • Smolenska, Agnieszka, Levi-Faur, David (2025). Greenwashing and trust via enhanced self-regulation: the case of ESG rating providers in sustainable finance. Regulation and Governance, https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.70114 picture_as_pdf
  • Takle, Marianne (2018). Book review: heat, greed and human need: climate change, capitalism and sustainable wellbeing by Ian Gough. picture_as_pdf
  • Taschini, Luca (2010). Environmental economics and modeling marketable permits. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment 25). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Tavoni, Alessandro, Dannenberg, Astrid, Kallis, Giorgos, Löschel, Andreas (2011). Inequality, communication and the avoidance of disastrous climate change. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 34). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Tavoni, Alessandro, Schlüter, Maja, Levin, Simon (2011). The survival of the conformist: social pressure and renewable resource management. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 35). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Wan, Lu, Zhou, Yanxi, Wang, Ying, Zhao, Tiantian (2025). Trade penetration, sustainable finance and carbon peak: evidence from China. Sustainable Futures, 10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101107 picture_as_pdf
  • Xin, Wei, Grant, Lewis, Groom, Ben, Zhang, Chendi (2025). Noisy biodiversity: the impact of ESG biodiversity ratings on asset prices. Ecological Economics, 236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108662 picture_as_pdf
  • Úbeda, Fernando, Mendez, Alvaro, Forcadell, Francisco Javier (2022). The sustainable practices of multinational banks as drivers of financial inclusion in developing countries. (Working paper series 1). LSE Global South Unit. picture_as_pdf
  • Úbeda, Fernando, Mendez, Alvaro, Martínez, Francisco Javier Forcadell (2023). The sustainable practices of multinational banks as drivers of financial inclusion in developing countries. Finance Research Letters, 51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103278 picture_as_pdf