LSE creators

Number of items: 76.
Centre for Analysis of Time Series
  • Surminski, Swenja, Lopez, Ana (2015). Concept of loss and damage of climate change – a new challenge for climate decision-making? a climate science perspective. Climate and Development, 7(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934770
  • Surminski, Swenja (2013). The role of insurance risk transfer in encouraging climate investment in developing countries. In Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, Viñuales, Jorge E. (Eds.), Harnessing foreign investment to promote environmental protection (pp. 228-250). Cambridge University Press.
    • Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP)
  • Jenkins, K., Surminski, Swenja, Hall, J., Crick, F. (2017). Assessing surface water flood risk and management strategies under future climate change: insights from an agent-based model. Science of the Total Environment, 595, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.242
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). When disaster strikes, who pays for the impacts of climate change?
  • Surminski, Swenja, Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H., Botzen, Wouter, Hudson, Paul, Mysiak, Jaroslav, Pérez-Blanco, Carlos Dionisio (2015). Reflections on the current debate on how to link flood insurance and disaster risk reduction in the European Union. Natural Hazards, 79(3), 1451-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1832-5
  • Surminski, Swenja, Eldridge, Jillian (2015). Observations on the role of the private sector in the UNFCCC's loss and damage of climate change work program. International Journal of Global Warming, 8(2), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2015.071955
    • Geography and Environment
  • Rozer, Viktor, Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2022). From managing risk to increasing resilience: a review on the development of urban flood resilience, its assessment and the implications for decision making. Environmental Research Letters, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aca8bc picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2022). Investigating flood resilience perceptions and supporting collective decision-making through fuzzy cognitive mapping. Science of the Total Environment, 837, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155854 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja, Barnes, Jonathan, Vincent, Katharine (2022). Can insurance catalyse government planning on climate? Emergent evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105830 picture_as_pdf
  • Boston, Jonathan, Panda, Architesh, Surminski, Swenja (2021). Designing a funding framework for the impacts of slow-onset climate change — insights from recent experiences with planned relocation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 50, 159 - 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2021.04.001
  • Rözer, Viktor, Surminski, Swenja (2021). Current and future flood risk of new build homes across different socio-economic neighbourhoods in England and Wales. Environmental Research Letters, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abec04 picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2021). National laws for enhancing flood resilience in the context of climate change: potential and shortcomings. Climate Policy, 21(2), 133 - 151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1808439 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja, Westcott, Mark, Ward, John, Sayers, Paul, Bresch, David, Clare, Bronwyn (2020). Be prepared – exploring future climate-related risk for residential and commercial real-estate portfolios. Journal of Alternative Investments, 23(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.3905/jai.2020.1.100 picture_as_pdf
  • Mechler, R, Singh, C, Ebi, K, Djalante, R, Thomas, A, James, R, Tschakert, P, Wewerinke-Singh, M, Schinko, Thomas & Ley, D et al (2020). Loss and damage and limits to adaptation: recent IPCC insights and implications for climate science and policy. Sustainability Science, 15(4), 1245 – 1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00807-9 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja (9 June 2020) Climate change and the insurance industry: managing risk in a risky time. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs.
  • Hu, Xi, Pant, Raghav, Hall, Jim W., Surminski, Swenja, Huang, Jiashun (2019). Multi-scale assessment of the economic impacts of flooding: evidence from firm to macro-level analysis in the Chinese manufacturing sector. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071933 picture_as_pdf
  • Mechler, R., Bouwer, L., Schinko, T., Surminski, S., Linnerooth-Bayer, J.A. (Eds.) (2019). Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. Springer International (Firm). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5
    • Grantham Research Institute
  • Surminski, Swenja (2024). How can flood insurance support holistic flood risk management? A reflection on recent developments and future research needs. In Lamond, Jessica, Proverbs, David, Bhattacharya Mis, Namrata (Eds.), Research Handbook on Flood Risk Management (pp. 306 - 322). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839102981.00031
  • Rözer, Viktor, Surminski, Swenja, Laurien, Finn, McQuistan, Colin, Mechler, Reinhard (2023). Multiple resilience dividends at the community level: a comparative study of disaster risk reduction interventions in different countries. Climate Risk Management, 40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2023.100518 picture_as_pdf
  • Rozer, Viktor, Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2022). From managing risk to increasing resilience: a review on the development of urban flood resilience, its assessment and the implications for decision making. Environmental Research Letters, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aca8bc picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2022). Investigating flood resilience perceptions and supporting collective decision-making through fuzzy cognitive mapping. Science of the Total Environment, 837, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155854 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja, Barnes, Jonathan, Vincent, Katharine (2022). Can insurance catalyse government planning on climate? Emergent evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105830 picture_as_pdf
  • Gannon, Kate, Pettinotti, Laetitia, Surminski, Swenja, Ndilhana, Edward, Nyumba, Tobias (2022). Delivering the Sustainable Development Goals through development corridors in East Africa: a Q-Methodology approach to imagining development futures. Environmental Science and Policy, 129, 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.013 picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Sasson, Idan, Surminski, Swenja (2022). Supporting urban adaptation to climate change what role can resilience measurement tools play? Urban Climate, 41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101047 picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2021). Investigating flood resilience perceptions and supporting collective decision-making through fuzzy cognitive mapping. (CCCEP Working Paper 400). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2021). Investigating flood resilience perceptions and supporting collective decision-making through fuzzy cognitive mapping. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Sasson, Idan, Surminski, Swenja (2021). Supporting urban adaptation to climate change what role can resilience measurement tools play? (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja, Edmonds, Bruce (2021). Participatory agent-based modelling for flood risk insurance. In Ahrweiler, Petra, Neumann, Martin (Eds.), Advances in Social Simulation: Proceedings of the 15th Social Simulation Conference: 23–27 September 2019 (pp. 263 - 267). Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61503-1_25 picture_as_pdf
  • Rözer, Viktor, Surminski, Swenja, Laurien, Finn, McQuistan, Colin, Mechler, Reinhard (2021). Multiple resilience dividends at the community level: a comparative study on disaster risk reduction interventions in different countries. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper 357). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Mehryar, Sara, Surminski, Swenja (2021). National laws for enhancing flood resilience in the context of climate change: potential and shortcomings. Climate Policy, 21(2), 133 - 151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1808439 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja, Westcott, Mark, Ward, John, Sayers, Paul, Bresch, David, Clare, Bronwyn (2020). Be prepared – exploring future climate-related risk for residential and commercial real-estate portfolios. Journal of Alternative Investments, 23(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.3905/jai.2020.1.100 picture_as_pdf
  • Mechler, R, Singh, C, Ebi, K, Djalante, R, Thomas, A, James, R, Tschakert, P, Wewerinke-Singh, M, Schinko, Thomas & Ley, D et al (2020). Loss and damage and limits to adaptation: recent IPCC insights and implications for climate science and policy. Sustainability Science, 15(4), 1245 – 1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00807-9 picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja (9 June 2020) Climate change and the insurance industry: managing risk in a risky time. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs.
  • Hu, Xi, Pant, Raghav, Hall, Jim W., Surminski, Swenja, Huang, Jiashun (2019). Multi-scale assessment of the economic impacts of flooding: evidence from firm to macro-level analysis in the Chinese manufacturing sector. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071933 picture_as_pdf
  • Mechler, R., Bouwer, L., Schinko, T., Surminski, S., Linnerooth-Bayer, J.A. (Eds.) (2019). Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options. Springer International (Firm). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5
  • Crick, Florence, Jenkins, Katie, Surminski, Swenja (2018). Strengthening insurance partnerships in the face of climate change: insights from an agent-based model of flood insurance in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.239
  • Adger, W. Neil, Brown, Iain, Surminski, Swenja (2018). Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2121). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0106
  • Surminski, Swenja, Di Mauro, Manuela, Baglee, Alastair, Connell, Richenda, Hankinson, Joel, Haworth, Anna, Ingirige, Bingunath, Proverbs, David (2018). Assessing climate risks across different businesses and industries: an investigation of methodological challenges at national scale for the UK. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2121). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0307
  • McDermott, Tom, Surminski, Swenja (2018). How normative interpretations of climate risk assessment affect local decision making: an exploratory study at the city scale in Cork, Ireland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2121). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0300
  • Surminski, Swenja (2018). Flood insurance and flood risk reduction. In Oxford research encyclopedia of natural hazard science . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.91
  • Surminski, Swenja (2018). Fit for purpose and fit for the future? An evaluation of the UK’s new flood reinsurance pool. Risk Management and Insurance Review, 21(1), 33-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/rmir.12093
  • Aerts, J. C. J. H., Botzen, W. J., Clarke, K. C., Cutter, S. L., Hall, J. W., Merz, B., Michel-Kerjan, E., Mysiak, J., Surminski, Swenja, Kunreuther, H. (2018). Integrating human behaviour dynamics into flood disaster risk assessment. Nature Climate Change, 8(3), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0085-1
  • Cremades, R., Surminski, Swenja, Máñez Costa, M., Hudson, P., Shrivastava, P., Gascoigne, J. (2018). Using the adaptive cycle in climate-risk insurance to design resilient futures. Nature Climate Change, 8(1), 4-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0044-2
  • Surminski, Swenja, Thieken, Annegret H. (2017). Promoting flood risk reduction: the role of insurance in Germany and England. Earth's Future, 5(10), 979-1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000587
  • Jenkins, K., Surminski, Swenja, Hall, J., Crick, F. (2017). Assessing surface water flood risk and management strategies under future climate change: insights from an agent-based model. Science of the Total Environment, 595, 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.242
  • Surminski, Swenja, Leck, Hayley (2017). From agenda-setting to implementation - the role of multi-sectoral partnerships in addressing urban climate risks. Earth's Future, 5(10), 966-978. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000497
  • Hanger, Susanne, Bayer, Joanne, Surminski, Swenja, Nenciu, Cristina, Lorant, Anna, Ionescu, Radu, Patt, Anthony (2017). Insurance, public assistance and household flood risk reduction: a comparative study of Austria, England and Romania. Risk Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12881
  • Surminski, Swenja, Hudson, Paul (2017). Investigating the risk reduction potential of disaster insurance across Europe. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice, 42(2), 247-274. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41288-016-0039-7
  • Huggel, Christian, Mechler, Reinhard, Bouwer, Laurens, Schinko, Thomas, Surminski, Swenja, Wallimann‐Helmer, Ivo (2016). Science for loss and damage: four research contributions to the debate. (Policy Paper). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Loss and damage of climate change – from managing risks to the politics of compensation.
  • Jenkins, Katie, Surminski, Swenja, Hall, Jim, Crick, Florence (2016). Surface water flood risk and management strategies for London: an agent-based model approach. E3S Web of Conferences, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160722003
  • Mysiak, Jaroslav, Surminski, Swenja, Thieken, Annegret, Mechler, Reinhard, Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H. (2016). Brief communication: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction – success or warning sign for Paris? Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 16(10), 2189-2193. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2189-2016
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). When disaster strikes, who pays for the impacts of climate change?
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Zukunftsorientierte Flutversicherung? Gedanken zur Einführung von Flood Re in Großbritannien. Zeitschrift für Versicherungswesen, 12, 382-386.
  • Averchenkova, Alina, Crick, Florence, Kocornik-Mina, Adriana, Leck, Hayley, Surminski, Swenja (2016). Multinational and large national corporations and climateadaptation: are we asking the right questions? A review ofcurrent knowledge and a new research perspective. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 7(4), 517-536. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.402
  • Surminski, Swenja, Aerts, Jeroen, Botzen, Wouter, Hudson, Paul, Mysiak, Jaroslav (2016). Insurance instruments and disaster resilience in Europe - insights from the ENHANCE project. ENHANCE - Partnership for Risk Reduction.
  • Surminski, Swenja, Bouwer, Laurens M., Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne (2016). How insurance can support climate resilience. Nature Climate Change, 6, 333-334. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2979
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Submission to the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. (Policy paper). The London School of Economics and Political Science, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Submission to the inquiry on 'Future flood prevention' by the House of Commons Select Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (Policy paper). The London School of Economics and Political Science, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Taking a risk on the weather. Financial World, Feb, 49-51.
  • Surminski, Swenja, Tanner, Thomas (Eds.) (2016). Realising the 'triple dividend of resilience': a new business case for disaster risk management. Springer International (Firm). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40694-7
  • Surminski, Swenja, Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H., Botzen, Wouter, Hudson, Paul, Mysiak, Jaroslav, Pérez-Blanco, Carlos Dionisio (2015). Reflections on the current debate on how to link flood insurance and disaster risk reduction in the European Union. Natural Hazards, 79(3), 1451-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1832-5
  • Mysiak, J., Surminski, Swenja, Thieken, A., Mechler, R, Aerts, J. (2015). Brief communication: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction – success or warning sign for Paris? (Discussion paper). Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3955-2015
  • Surminski, Swenja, Eldridge, Jillian (2015). Flood insurance in England: an assessment of the current and newly proposed insurance scheme in the context of rising flood risk. Journal of Flood Risk Management, https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12127
  • Mysiak, J., Surminski, Swenja, Thieken, A., Mechler, R., Aerts, J. (2015). Brief communication: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction – success or warning sign for Paris? Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 3(6), 3955-3966. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3955-2015
  • Surminski, Swenja, Lopez, Ana (2015). Concept of loss and damage of climate change – a new challenge for climate decision-making? a climate science perspective. Climate and Development, 7(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.934770
  • Surminski, Swenja, Eldridge, Jillian (2015). Observations on the role of the private sector in the UNFCCC's loss and damage of climate change work program. International Journal of Global Warming, 8(2), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2015.071955
  • Surminski, Swenja (2014). The role of insurance in reducing direct risk: the case of flood insurance. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 7(3-4), 241-278. https://doi.org/10.1561/101.00000062
  • Surminski, Swenja, Williamson, Andrew (2014). Policy indexes as tools for decision makers: the case of climate policy. Global Policy, 5(3), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12121
  • Mechler, Reinhard, Bouwer, Laurens M., Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne, Hochrainer-Stigler, Stefan, Aerts, Jeroen C. J. H., Surminski, Swenja, Williges, Keith (2014). Managing unnatural disaster risk from climate extremes. Nature Climate Change, 4(4), 235-237. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2137
  • Surminski, Swenja (2013). Private-sector adaptation to climate risk. Nature Climate Change, 3(11), 943-945. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2040
  • Surminski, Swenja, Oramas-Dorta, Delioma (2013). Flood insurance schemes and climate adaptation in developing countries. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 7, 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.005
  • Surminski, Swenja (2013). The role of insurance risk transfer in encouraging climate investment in developing countries. In Dupuy, Pierre-Marie, Viñuales, Jorge E. (Eds.), Harnessing foreign investment to promote environmental protection (pp. 228-250). Cambridge University Press.
  • Surminski, Swenja, Williamson, Andrew (2012). Policy indexes – what do they tell us and what are their applications?: the case of climate policy and business planning in emerging markets. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 88). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Fisher, Susannah, Surminski, Swenja (2012). The roles of public and private actors in the governance of adaptation: the case of agricultural insurance in India. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment working papers 89). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Fisher, Susannah, Surminski, Swenja (2012). Climate change in India: what role for insurance and the private sector?
  • Surminski, Swenja (2012). Les apports du « SREX » à l’assurance (2/2). La Lettre D’Information de la Mission Risques Naturels, 19, 9-10.
  • Surminski, Swenja, Lopez, Ana, Birkmann, Joern, Welle, Thorsten (2012). Current knowledge on relevant methodologies and datarequirements as well as lessons learned and gaps identified at different levels, in assessing the risk of loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change. (Technical paper FCCC/TP/2012/1). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2012). Spotlight on environment: extreme measures.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2012). Climate change and extreme weather events in developing countries. In Climate Change and Energy Security - Global Challenges and Implications (pp. 23-30). The Chartered Insurance Institute.
  • Surminski, Swenja, Oramas-Dorta, Delioma (2011). Building effective and sustainable risk transfer initiatives in low- and middle-income economies: what can we learn from existing insurance schemes? (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment policy papers). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Ranger, Nicola, Surminski, Swenja, Silver, Nick (2011). Open questions about how to address ‘loss and damage’ from climate change in the most vulnerable countries: a response to the Cancún Adaptation Framework. (Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment policy papers). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment.
  • Surminski, Swenja (2010). Adapting to the extreme weather impacts of climate change: how can the insurance industry help? ClimateWise.
  • Warner, Koko, Ranger, Nicola, Surminski, Swenja, Arnold, Margaret, Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne, Michel-Kerjan, Erwann, Kovacs, Paul, Herweijer, Celine (2009). Adaptation to climate change: linking disaster risk reduction and insurance. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.
    • LSE
  • Mathews, Shilpita, Surminski, Swenja, Roezer, Viktor (2021). The risk of corporate lock-in to future physical climate risks: the case of flood risk in England and Wales. (CCCEP Working Paper 399). Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. picture_as_pdf
  • Mathews, Shilpita, Surminski, Swenja, Roezer, Viktor (2021). The risk of corporate lock-in to future physical climate risks: the case of flood risk in England and Wales. (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper). Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja (19 November 2021) Insurance can encourage data on African climate risks to inform government decision-making. Africa at LSE. picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja, Thiele, Torsten, Rodriguez, Karina (19 January 2021) A new policy paradigm from the LSE Maryam Forum: 4. a new path on climate change, oceans and financial risks. LSE COVID-19 Blog. picture_as_pdf
  • Surminski, Swenja (2016). Flood Re: a missed opportunity for sustainable flood risk management?
  • Steeves, Jennifer, Surminski, Swenja (2015). Investigating private sector adaptation to climate change: the case of Tata Teleservices.
  • Ranger, Nicola, Surminski, Swenja (2013). A preliminary assessment of the impact of climate change on non-life insurance demand in the BRICS economies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 3(1), 14-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.11.004