Roy, Tirthankar

Number of items: 133.
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  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). An economic history of India growth, income and inequalities from the Mughals to the 21st century by Bishnupriya Gupta, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2025, xiv + 219 pp. Developing Economies, 63(4), 362 - 363. https://doi.org/10.1111/deve.12447
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Toward a free economy Swatantra and opposition politics in democratic India. Aditya Balasubramanian, (Princeton University Press, 2023. Pp. 352. ISBN: 9780691205243. Hbk £38). Economic History Review, https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.70062
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Water and development: the troubled economic history of the arid tropics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197802397.001.0001
  • Gardner, Leigh, Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Colonial armies and the World Wars. In The Routledge Economic History of War (pp. 80-93). Taylor and Francis Inc.. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003275275-6
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Introduction to South Asian commercial history. In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian Commercial History, Volume 1-3 (pp. 997-1001). Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Swamya, Anand V. (2025). Development policy and legal persistence: evidence from India. Rivista di Storia Economica, 41(1), 95 - 116. https://doi.org/10.1410/116631
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Tumbe, Chinmay (2025). Rainfall seasonality, droughts, and business. In da Silva Lopes, T., Duguid, P. & Fredona, R. (Eds.), Climate Change and Business: Historical Perspectives (pp. 113 - 128). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003478089-7
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). The rise and fall of Indian wheat in international trade. In A History of the Global Wheat Trade: Actors and Dynamics (1840-1914) (pp. 258-271). Taylor and Francis Inc.. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032642369-18
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Bankrolling empire: family fortunes and political transformation in Mughal India. Business History Review, 98(4), 975-977. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680525000066
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2025). A. R. Venkatachalapathy, Swadeshi steam: V.O. Chidambaram Pillai and the battle against the British maritime empire (Gurugram: Allen Lane, 2023), 493 pp. Indian Economic and Social History Review, https://doi.org/10.1177/00194646251322475
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Book review: Ethical empire? India reformism and the critique of colonial misgovernment. Asian Affairs, 55(3), 565 - 568. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2024.2411612
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Family businesses in India: history and the future. In Fernández Pérez, P. (Ed.), Global Family Capitalism: A Business History Perspective (pp. 197 - 213). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003388197-15
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Weaving histories: The transformation of the handloom industry in South India, 1800-1960 / weaving hierarchies: handloom weavers in early twentieth century United Provinces. Textile History, 53(2), 263-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00404969.2022.2356984
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Rewriting the history of Indian crafts and why that matters. In Reubens, R. & Kachru, T. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Craft and Sustainability in India (pp. 65 - 74). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003228721-7
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Ravi Raman, K. (2024). Kerala, 1956 to the Present: India's miracle state. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009521628
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Water: the troubled economic history of the arid tropics. Oxford University Press. [In Press]
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). The origins of colonialism: why geography matters. Cambridge University Press. [In Press]
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2023). Land or sea? Geography and the emergence of colonialism. Cambridge University Press. [In Press]
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2023). Merchants, bankers, governors: British enterprise in Singapore and Malaya, 1786-1920. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 54(3), 553 - 554. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463423000504
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2023). Santosh Kumar Rai, Weaving hierarchies: handloom weavers in early twentieth century United Provinces. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 60(3), 373 - 375. https://doi.org/10.1177/00194646231186020
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2023). Book review: Suvobrata Sarkar, ed., History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine in India. Indian Economic and Social History Review, https://doi.org/10.1177/00194646241256333
  • Haynes, Douglas E., Roy, Tirthankar (2022). The emergence of marketing in 20th-century India. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.610
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2022). Peter Robb, Ideas matter debating the impact of British rule on India. New Delhi: Primus Books, 2020, 305 pp. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 59(3), 408 - 411. https://doi.org/10.1177/00194646221109930
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2022). Monsoon economies: India's history in a changing climate. MIT Press.
  • Gardner, Leigh, Roy, Tirthankar (2020). The economic history of colonialism. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529207651
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Tumbe, Chinmay (2019). Migration: change and continuity. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 31(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0260107918780157
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2018). A business history of India: enterprise and the emergence of capitalism from 1700. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316906903
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Swamy, Anand (2016). Law and the economy in colonial India. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226387789.001.0001
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2014). Trading firms in colonial India. Business History Review, 88(01), 9-42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680513001402
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2013). Rethinking the origins of British India: state formation and military-fiscal undertakings in an eighteenth century world region. Modern Asian Studies, 47(4), 1125 - 1156. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X11000825
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2013). An economic history of early modern India. Routledge.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2013). Labour-intensity and industrialization in colonial India. In Austin, G. & Sugihara, K. (Eds.), Labour-Intensive Industrialization in Global History . Routledge.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). Natural disasters and Indian history. OUP India.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). India in the world economy: from antiquity to the present. Cambridge University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). India and the world economy: 1757-1947. In Ghate, C. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Economy (pp. 33-55). Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). Consumption of cotton cloth in India, 1795-1940. Australian Economic History Review, 52(1), 61-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2012.00341.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). Empire, law and economic growth. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(8), 97-104.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). The East India Company: the world’s most powerful corporation. Penguin Books (India).
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). Beyond divergence: rethinking the economic history of India. Economic History of Developing Regions, 27(sup1), S57-S65. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2012.657458
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2011). The economic history of India, 1857-1947. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074175.001.0001
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2011). Indigo and law in colonial India. Economic History Review, 64(S1), 60-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00534.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2011). Law and economic change in India, 1600-1900. In Ma, D. & van Zanden, J. L. (Eds.), Law and Long-Term Economic Change: an Eurasian Perspective (pp. 115-137). Stanford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2011). Where is Bengal?: situating an Indian region in the early modern world economy. Past and Present, 213(1), 115-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtr009
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Consumption and craftsmanship in colonial India 1850-1950. In Haynes, D., McGowan, A., Roy, T. & Yanagisawa, H. (Eds.), Towards a History of Consumption in South Asia . OUP India.
  • Haynes, Douglas, McGowan, Abigail, Roy, Tirthankar, Yanagisawa, Haruka (Eds.) (2010). Towards a history of consumption in South Asia. OUP India.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Company of kinsmen: enterprise and community in South Asian history 1700-1940. Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Consumption and craftsmanship in India, 1870-1940. In Haynes, D., McGowan, A., Roy, T. & Yanagisawa, H. (Eds.), Towards a History of Consumption in South Asia . Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Economic conditions in early modern Bengal: a contribution to the divergence debate. Journal of Economic History, 70(1), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050710000094
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). ‘The law of storms': European and indigenous responses to natural disasters in colonial India, c. 1800–1850. Australian Economic History Review, 50(1), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2009.00269.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). The long globalization and textile producers in India. In Heerma van Voss, L., Hiemstra-Kuperus, E. & Nederveen Meerkerk, E. v. (Eds.), The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650-2000 (pp. 253-274). Ashgate Dartmouth.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). The Great Depression and the economy of interwar India. In Limoncic, F. & Palomanes Martinho, F. C. (Eds.), A Grande Depressão: Política e economia Na Década De 1930: europa, América, África e Ásia . Civilização Brasileira.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Technological change in Indian textiles industry, 1991-2006. International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 5(1/2). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2010.033670
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2009). Factor markets and the narrative of economic change in India, 1750–1950. Continuity and Change, 24(1), 137-167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026841600900705X
  • Riello, Giorgio, Roy, Tirthankar (Eds.) (2009). How India clothed the world: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850. Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Riello, Giorgio, Roy, Tirthankar (2009). Introduction: how India clothed the world: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850. In Riello, G. & Roy, T. (Eds.), How India Clothed the World: the World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850 . Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Riello, Giorgio, Roy, Tirthankar (2009). Introduction: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850. In Riello, G. & Roy, T. (Eds.), How India Clothed the World: the World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850 (pp. 1-27). Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). The guild in modern South Asia. International Review of Social History, 53(S16), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859008003623
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). Knowledge and divergence from the perspective of early modern India. Journal of Global History, 3(3), 361-387. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022808002763
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). End of aid: external assistance and development strategy in India, 1950-65. In Pharo, H. & Fraser, M. P. (Eds.), The Aid Rush: Aid Regimes in Northern Europe During the Cold War (pp. 95-113). Oslo Academic Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). A grand synthesis. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(34), 27-33.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). State, society and market in the aftermath of natural disasters in colonial India: a preliminary exploration. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 45(2), 261-294. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460804500204
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2008). Labour institutions, Japanese competition, and the crisis of cotton mills in interwar Mumbai. Economic and Political Weekly, 43(1), 37-45.
  • Ahsan, Ahmad, Pages, Carmen, Roy, Tirthankar (2008). Legislation, enforcement and adjudication in Indian labor markets: origins, consequences and the way forward. In Mazumdar, D. & Sarkar, S. (Eds.), Globalization, Labor Markets and Inequality in India (pp. 247-282). Routledge.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2007). Sardars, jobbers, kanganies: the labour contractor and Indian economic history. Modern Asian Studies, 42(5), 971-998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X07003071
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2007). Rethinking economic change in India: labour and livelihood. Routledge.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2007). Globalization, factor prices, and poverty in colonial rural India. Australian Economic History Review, 47(1), 73-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2006.00197.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2007). Out of tradition: master artisans and economic change in colonial India. Journal of Asian Studies, 66(4), 963-991. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002191180700126X
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2007). A delayed revolution: environment and agrarian change in India. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/grm011
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2006). Roots of agrarian crisis in interwar India. Economic and Political Weekly, 41(52), 5389-5400.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2006). The economic history of India, 1857-1947. Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2004). Book review: economic reforms: the next step. Economic and Political Weekly, p. 4895.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2004). Flourishing branches, wilting core: research in modern Indian economic history. Australian Economic History Review, 44(3), 221-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2004.00119.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2004). Economic history: an endangered discipline. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(29), 3238-3243.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2004). Madras handkerchiefs in the interwar period. In Subrahmanyam, S. (Ed.), Land, Politics and Trade in South Asia (pp. 282-302). OUP India.
  • Liebl, Maureen, Roy, Tirthankar (2004). Handmade in India: traditional craft skills in a changing world. In Finger, J. M. & Schuler, P. (Eds.), Poor People's Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries (pp. 53-73). The World Bank and Oxford University Press.
  • Liebl, Maureen, Roy, Tirthankar (2003). Handmade in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(51-52), 5366-5376.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2003). Economic reforms and the textile industry. In Gokarn, S., Sen, A. & Vaidya, R. R. (Eds.), The Structure of Indian Industry (pp. 82-111). Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2003). Economic history and postmodern theory. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(19), 1874-1878.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2003). Changes in wool production and usage in colonial India. Modern Asian Studies, 37(2), 257-286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X03002014
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2002). Madras handkerchiefs in the interwar period. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 39(2-3), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460203900208
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2002). Acceptance of innovations in early twentieth century Indian weaving. Economic History Review, 55(3), 507-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0289.00230
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2002). Subaltern studies: questioning the basics. Economic and Political Weekly, 37(23), 2223-2228.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2002). Deindustrialization. In Thorner, A. (Ed.), Land, Labour and Rights: Ten Daniel Thorner Memorial Lectures (pp. 232-249). Anthem Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2002). Economic history and modern India: redefining the link. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533002760278749
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2001). An Asian world economy? Economic and Political Weekly, 36(31), 2937-2942.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2000). De-industrialisation: alternative view. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(17), 1442-1447.
  • Haynes, Douglas E., Roy, Tirthankar (1999). Conceiving mobility: weavers’ migrations in pre-colonial and colonial India. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 36(1), 35-67.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1999). Traditional industry in the economy of colonial India. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2277/0511036779
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1998). Music as artisan tradition. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 32(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/006996679803200102
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1998). Indian weaving in the 20th century. Jahrbuch Für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, (2), 129-150.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1997). Capitalism and community: a study of the Madurai Sourashtras. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 34(4), 437-463.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1996). The role of the state in initiating development: a study of interwar South and Southeast Asia. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 33(4), 373-401.
  • Sen, Kunal, Roy, Tirthankar, Krishnan, R. (1996). A flow of funds model for India and its implications. Journal of Policy Modeling, 18(5), 469-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(95)00076-3
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1996). Home market and the artisans in colonial India: a study of brass-ware. Modern Asian Studies, 30(2), 357-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00016504
  • Roy, Tirthankar (Ed.) (1996). Cloth and commerce: textiles in colonial India. SAGE Publications.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1995). Price movements in twentieth-century India. Economic History Review, 48(1), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.1995.tb01411.x
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1994). Foreign trade and the artisans in colonial India: a study of leather. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 31(4), 461-490.
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Sen, K. (1994). Real and financial flows in the Indian economy, 1970 to 1990. International Journal of Development Banking, 12(1).
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1994). A concept of Indian music. Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research,
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1994). The pattern of industrial growth in interwar India. Journal of Indian School of Political Economy,
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1993). Money supply and asset choice in inter-war India. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 30(2), 163-180.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1993). Artisans and industrialization: Indian weaving in the twentieth century. Oxford University Press.
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Suryanarayana, M.H., Parikh, K.S. (1993). Growth, distribution and demand for textiles in India. Journal of Quantitative Economics,
  • Roy, Tirthankar (1988). Size and structure of handloom weaving in the mid-thirties. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 25(1), 1-24.
    • Public
  • Nath, Maanik, Roy, Tirthankar (2025). Editors' note. Rivista di Storia Economica, 41(1), 3 - 6. https://doi.org/10.1410/116627 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Will climate change disrupt tropical development? Lessons from economic history. (Economic History Working Papers 370). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2023). India is broken a people betrayed, independence to today by Ashoka Mody, Standford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2023, xii + 511 pp. Developing Economies, 61(4), 345 - 347. https://doi.org/10.1111/deve.12377 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (6 January 2023) Book review: Railways' economic impact on Uttar Pradesh and colonial North India (1860-1914): the iron Raj by Ian D. Derbyshire. LSE Review of Books. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2022). The development of the arid tropics: lessons for economic history. Economic History of Developing Regions, https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2022.2099371 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2022). The great retreat: pastoralism in the arid tropics. (Economic History Working Papers 344). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2021). Why geography matters to the economic history of India. Australian Economic History Review, 61(3), 273 - 289. https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12229 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2021). Famines in India: enduring lessons. Economic and Political Weekly, 56(26-27), 63-69. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2021). Useful & reliable: technological transformation in colonial India. Technology and Culture, 62(2), 494 - 520. https://doi.org/10.1353/TECH.2021.0055 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2021). Water, climate, and economy in India from 1880 to the present. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 51(4), 565 - 594. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01628 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2020). Reading the economic history of Afghanistan. (Economic History Working Papers 309). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (23 September 2020) Book review: let there be light: engineering, entrepreneurship and electricity in colonial Bengal, 1880-1945 by Suvobrata Sarkar. LSE Review of Books. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2019). Climate and the economy in India, 1850-2000. (Economic History Working Papers 302). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2019). Music and society in late colonial India: a study of Esraj in Gaya. Journal of Asian Studies, 79(1), 25-49. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911819000123 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2019). State capacity and the economic history of colonial India. Australian Economic History Review, 59(1), 80-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12166 picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2018). Inequality in colonial India. (Economic History working papers 286). London School of Economics and Political Science. picture_as_pdf
  • Aldous, Michael, Roy, Tirthankar (2018). Reassessing FERA: examining British firms’ strategic responses to ‘Indianisation’. Business History, https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2018.1475473
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2016). The monsoon and the market for money in late-colonial India. Enterprise and Society, 17(02), 324-357. https://doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.84
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2016). The mutiny and the merchants. Historical Journal, 59(02), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X15000370
  • Roy, Tirthankar, Shahid, Amal (2016). Economic history in South Asia: in conversation with Professor Tirthankar Roy.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2014). The ‘Marwari’ business community is now a part of history.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2014). Geography or politics? Regional inequality in colonial India. European Review of Economic History, 18(3), 324-348. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heu009
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2013). “Africa is part of South Asia just as South Asia is part of Africa” – Tirthankar Roy.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). A history of capitalism in India. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2012). “Natural disasters can produce lasting changes in economic systems” – Tirthankar Roy. picture_as_pdf
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2010). Rethinking the origins of British India: state formation and military-fiscal undertakings in an eighteenth century world region. (Economic History Working Papers 142/10). Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2009). Did globalization aid industrial development in colonial India?: a study of knowledge transfer in the iron industry. (Economic History Working Papers 127/09). Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Roy, Tirthankar (2009). Did globalisation aid industrial development in colonial India? A study of knowledge transfer in the iron industry. Indian Economic and Social History Review, 46(4), 579-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946460904600404
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  • Roy, Tirthankar (2024). Breaking the mold India's untraveled path to prosperity by Raghuram G. Rajan and Rohit Lamba, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2024, xxxii + 298 pp. Developing Economies, 62(4), 412 - 414. https://doi.org/10.1111/deve.12417 picture_as_pdf